Nebulizers and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of nebulizers for aerosol generation and methods of using same for treating diseases and disorders.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/516,907 filed on Apr. 5, 2017, which is a National Phase Applicationof PCT Patent Application No. PCT/IL2015/051015 having Internationalfiling date of Oct. 12, 2015, which claims the benefit of priority ofU.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/062,966 filed on Oct. 13, 2014,62/066,401 filed on Oct. 21, 2014, and 62/180,627 filed on Jun. 17,2015. The contents of the above applications are all incorporated byreference as if fully set forth herein in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of nebulizers foraerosol generation and methods of using same for treating diseases anddisorders.

BACKGROUND

Nebulizers are commonly used for delivering aerosol medication topatients via the respiratory system. Desirably, for efficient deliveryof medication, the droplet diameter of the aerosol should besufficiently small so as to reach the lungs of the patient without beingobstructed by objects or organs (such as, the inner surface of thenozzle in the nebulizer and the mouth cavity perimeters) and largeenough so as to remain in the lungs during exhalation.

The main techniques for producing aerosol in nebulizers includevibrating Mesh technology, jet nebulizers and ultrasonic wavenebulizers. Common to these techniques is the challenge to deliver largevolume of medication to the patient while keeping the diameter of thedroplets within desired limits.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described andillustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods which aremeant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. Invarious embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems havebeen reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed toother advantages or improvements.

According to some embodiments, there are provided herein devices,systems and methods for generating aerosol for medication delivery usinga porous medium and a displaceable spreading mechanism or liquidabsorbing material. The aerosol may be generated by wetting the porousmedium. Wetting may include applying the displaceable spreadingmechanism thereby spreading liquid on the surface of the porous medium.Alternatively, wetting may include wetting the liquid absorbingmaterial, then pressing it against the porous medium, or a surfacethereof, resulting in a relatively uniform wetting of the porous medium.Once the porous medium, or a surface thereof, is wet, applying pressuregradient upon the porous medium results in the generation of aerosol.

According to some embodiments, applying pressure gradient entailsintroducing pressurized air to one side of the porous medium. Accordingto some embodiments, applying pressure gradient entails introducingvacuum or sub-atmospheric pressure near one side of the porous medium.According to some embodiments, applying pressure gradient upon theporous medium entails having different pressure levels between two sidesor surfaces of the porous medium.

Advantageously, the devices, systems and methods disclosed hereinprovide a relatively uniform or homogeneous wetting of the poroussurface that may result in small diameter aerosol droplets, and conferthe ability to yield such small diameter aerosol drops with highefficiency.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer comprisinga porous medium configured to produce aerosols, a displaceable wettingmechanism configured to spread a liquid over the porous medium therebyto wet the porous medium and a gas channel configured to introducepressure gradient to the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the displaceable wetting mechanism mayinclude a rotatable elongated member.

According to some embodiments, the rotatable elongated member isconfigured to move across the surface of the porous medium, thereby tohomogeneously or semi-homogeneously spread the liquid on the surface.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member is axially movable.According to some embodiments, the elongated member is movable to coverapproximately all the surface of the porous medium.

The term “approximately” as used herein may refer to the percentage ofsurface of the porous medium that may be coated with liquid by thespreading movement of the elongated member. Approximately may refer tomore than 50% coverage, more than 60% coverage, at least 70% coverage,at least 80% coverage, at least 90% coverage or at least 95% coverage.According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism further includes anactuator, configured to displace or induce the displacement of theelongated member.

The term “displacement” as used herein may be interchangeable with anyone or more of the terms movement, movement across. This term may referto the motion of the wetting mechanism across, or along, at least onesurface of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member comprises a firstmagnet, and the actuator comprises a second magnet, magneticallyassociated with the first magnet of the elongated member, such that bymoving/displacing the second magnet of the actuator, a displacing of theelongated member is induced.

According to some embodiments, said first magnet may comprise aplurality of magnets. According to some embodiments, said second magnetmay comprise a plurality of magnets.

According to some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of magnetsincludes an electromagnet. According to some embodiments, the actuatorcomprises a motor configured to displace the elongated member.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member is at leastpartially covered with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), commerciallyknowns as Teflon®, or any other appropriate coating materials.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member is an elongatedtubular member. According to some embodiments, the elongated member ismovable by an actuator, mechanically connected thereto. According tosome embodiments, the elongated member is movable by the air-flow withinthe nebulizer and/or through the porous material.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member is a roller.According to some embodiments, the elongated member is a smearingdevice. According to some embodiments, the elongated member is aspreading device. According to some embodiments, the elongated member isconfigured to force at least portions of the liquid to at least some ofthe pores of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises a spacerconfigured to elevate said displaceable wetting mechanism from thesurface of said porous medium. According to some embodiments, saidspacer is integrally formed with said displaceable wetting mechanism.According to some embodiments, said spacer comprises a protrusion insaid displaceable wetting mechanism. According to some embodiments, saidspacer is configured to be placed between said displaceable wettingmechanism and the surface of said porous medium. According to someembodiments, said pacer comprises a ring-shaped configured to facilitatelow-friction displacement of said displaceable wetting mechanism.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises a liquiddeploying mechanism configured to controllably deploy a liquid on thesurface of said porous medium for being spread by said displaceablewetting mechanism. According to some embodiments, said liquid deployingmechanism comprises a conduit. According to some embodiments, saidconduit has a receiving end, configured to obtain a liquid from a liquidsource, and a deploying end, configured to deploy the liquid on thesurface of said porous medium. According to some embodiments, saiddeploying end of said conduit is flexible and configured to flexiblymove by the displacement of said displaceable wetting mechanism, therebydeploy the liquid at more than one location on the surface of saidporous medium.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises anopening configured to deliver the aerosols to a respiratory system of asubject.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer comprisinga porous medium configured to produce aerosols, a liquid absorbingmaterial configured to absorb a liquid, a wetting mechanism configuredto press the liquid absorbing material against the porous medium,thereby to wet the porous medium with the liquid absorbed in the liquidabsorbing material and a gas channel configured to introduce pressuregradient to the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material is asponge, a tissue or foam.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material isconfigured to act as an impactor for aerosols produced by the porousmedium.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material isconfigured to act as a filter for aerosols produced by the porousmedium.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material comprisesat least one pharmaceutical composition.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises a firstcontainer, configured to contain liquids to be delivered to the liquidabsorbing material.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises a secondcontainer configured to contain at least one pharmaceutical composition.According to some embodiments, the liquids comprise water.

According to some embodiments, the gas channel is connected to a gassource.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer cartridge,comprising a porous medium, and a displaceable wetting mechanismconfigured to spread a liquid over the porous medium, thereby to wet theporous medium.

According to some embodiments, the porous medium comprises a pluralityof pores, wherein at least some of said plurality of pores compriseliquid. According to some embodiments, said liquid comprises apharmaceutical composition.

According to some embodiments, the displaceable wetting mechanismfurther comprises an actuator configured to displace or induce thedisplacement of the rotatable elongated member. According to someembodiments, the rotatable elongated member comprises a first magnet,and the actuator comprises a second magnet, magnetically associated withsaid first magnet, such that by moving the second magnet displacement ofthe rotatable elongated member is induced. According to someembodiments, said first and/or second magnet comprises a plurality ofmagnets.

According to some embodiments, the cartridge is configured to beinserted to a nebulizer main body. According to some embodiments, thenebulizer main body comprises an opening configured to deliver aerosols.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer main body further comprisesa nozzle mechanically connected to the opening.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer cartridge,comprising a porous medium and a liquid absorbing material, configuredto be pressed against the porous medium, thereby produce aerosols.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material comprises asponge.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material comprises aliquid absorbed therein.

According to some embodiments, the liquid is a pharmaceuticalcomposition.

According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is fortreating a disease via inhalation.

According to some embodiments, the cartridge further comprises acontainer, configured to contain liquid to be delivered to the liquidabsorbing material.

According to some embodiments, the cartridge is configured to beinserted to a nebulizer main body. According to some embodiments, thenebulizer main body comprises an opening configured to deliver aerosols.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer main body further comprisesa nozzle mechanically connected to the opening.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises acontainer, configured to contain liquid to be delivered to the liquidabsorbing material.

According to some embodiments, the liquid comprises a pharmaceuticalcomposition.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer systemcomprising a housing, an opening in the housing configured to deliveraerosols to a subject, a cartridge, a receptacle configured to receivethe cartridge and a gas channel, wherein the cartridge comprises aporous medium configured to produce aerosols and a wetting mechanismconfigured to spread the liquid absorbing material onto the porousmedium.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer system further comprises anozzle, mechanically connected to the opening.

According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism comprises arotatable elongated member. According to some embodiments, the rotatableelongated member comprises an actuator configured to displace or inducethe displacement of the rotatable elongated member.

According to some embodiments, the actuator comprises a shaft,configured to be mechanically connected to the wetting mechanism.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer systemcomprising a housing, an opening in the housing configured to deliveraerosols to a subject, a cartridge, a receptacle configured to receivethe cartridge and a gas channel, wherein the cartridge comprises aporous medium and a liquid absorbing material, configured to be pressedagainst the porous medium, thereby produce aerosols.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material comprises asponge, a tissue or foam.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material comprisesat least one pharmaceutical composition at least partially absorbedtherein.

The term “partially absorbed therein” as used herein refers to thepercentage of liquid absorbed in the pores of the porous material,wherein 0% refers to a porous material where all of its pores are vacantof liquid. Thus, the term “partially absorbed therein” may refer to aporous material wherein at least 0.005% of the pores contain liquid, orwherein the overall contents of the vacant space within the porousmaterial occupied with liquid is 0.005%. According to some embodiments,partially absorbed therein refers to at least 0.001% liquid contentswithin the porous material. According to some embodiments, partiallyabsorbed therein refers to at least 0.05% liquid contents within theporous material. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 0.01% liquid contents within the porousmaterial. According to some embodiments, partially absorbed thereinrefers to at least 0.5% liquid contents within the porous material.According to some embodiments, partially absorbed therein refers to atleast 0.1% liquid contents within the porous material. According to someembodiments, partially absorbed therein refers to at least 1% liquidcontents within the porous material. According to some embodiments,partially absorbed therein refers to at least 5% liquid contents withinthe porous material. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 10% liquid contents within the porousmaterial. According to some embodiments, partially absorbed thereinrefers to at least 20% liquid contents within the porous material.According to some embodiments, partially absorbed therein refers to atleast 30% liquid contents within the porous material. According to someembodiments, partially absorbed therein refers to at least 40% liquidcontents within the porous material. According to some embodiments,partially absorbed therein refers to at least 50% liquid contents withinthe porous material.

According to some embodiments, the term “partially absorbed therein” mayrefer to the content of liquid within the volume of pores located on thesurface and in the immediate vicinity of the surface (sub surface) of aporous medium. According to some embodiments, the volume of thesub-surface may extend from the surface to a depth of about 50 micronfrom the surface.

According to some embodiments, partially absorbed therein refers to aporous material wherein at least 0.5% of the surface and sub-surfacepores contain liquid. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 1% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 10% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 20% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 30% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 40% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 50% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores. According to some embodiments, partially absorbedtherein refers to at least 60% liquid contents within the surface andsub-surface pores.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer system further comprises afirst container, configured to contain liquids to be delivered to theliquid absorbing material.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer system further comprises asecond container configured to contain at least one pharmaceuticalcomposition.

According to some embodiments, the gas channel is connected to a gassource.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a method for producingaerosols, the method comprises:

providing a nebulizer comprising a porous medium configured to produceaerosols, a displaceable wetting mechanism configured to spread theliquid over the porous medium thereby to wet the porous medium and a gaschannel, wherein said porous medium is having two sides, a first sidefacing the displaceable wetting mechanism;

providing a liquid;

operating the displaceable wetting mechanism thereby spreading theliquid onto said first side of the porous medium; and

connecting the gas channel to a pressure source and introducing pressuregradient to the porous medium thereby producing aerosol at the firstside of the porous medium, the aerosol comprises droplets of the liquid;

According to some embodiments, there is provided a method for producingaerosols, the method comprises:

providing a nebulizer comprising a porous medium configured to produceaerosols, a liquid absorbing material configured to absorb a liquid, awetting mechanism configured to press the liquid absorbing materialagainst the porous medium, and a gas channel configured to introducepressure gradient to the porous medium, wherein the porous medium ishaving two sides wherein a first side is facing the liquid absorbingmaterial;

providing liquid;

wetting the liquid absorbing material with the liquid;

pressing the liquid absorbing material against the porous medium; and

introducing pressure gradient to the porous medium thereby producingaerosol at the first side of the porous medium, the aerosol comprisesdroplets of the liquid.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises deliveringthe aerosols to a respiratory system of a subject in need thereof.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises providing apharmaceutical composition and mixing the pharmaceutical compositionwith the liquid, prior to wetting the liquid absorbing agent.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material comprises apharmaceutical composition.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises iteratingthe following steps at least one more time: pressing the liquidabsorbing material against the porous medium, introducing pressuregradient to the porous medium and producing aerosol at the first side ofthe porous medium, the aerosol comprises droplets of the liquid.

According to some embodiments, pressing comprises applying a pressingforce that varies over iterations.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises providing acleansing liquid and iterating the following steps with the cleansingliquid: wetting the liquid absorbing material with the liquid, pressingthe liquid absorbing material against the porous medium, introducingpressure gradient to the porous medium and producing aerosol at thefirst side of the porous medium, the aerosol comprises droplets of theliquid.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure may include some, all, ornone of the above advantages. One or more technical advantages may bereadily apparent to those skilled in the art from the figures,descriptions and claims included herein. Moreover, while specificadvantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may includeall, some or none of the enumerated advantages.

In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above,further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to thefigures and by study of the following detailed descriptions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples illustrative of embodiments are described below with referenceto figures attached hereto. In the figures, identical structures,elements or parts that appear in more than one figure are generallylabeled with a same numeral in all the figures in which they appear.Alternatively, elements or parts that appear in more than one figure maybe labeled with different numerals in the different figures in whichthey appear. Dimensions of components and features shown in the figuresare generally chosen for convenience and clarity of presentation and arenot necessarily shown in scale. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a porous medium,according to some embodiments;

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a nebulizer with porous medium andmedication containers, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a sponge pressedagainst a porous medium, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates generation of aerosol within anebulizer, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a nebulizer system, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 6 shows a cumulative droplet size distribution of an aerosolizedaqueous solution of a water soluble dye produced by a nebulizer having(squares), or devoid of (triangles), a liquid absorbing material;

FIG. 7 shows a cumulative droplet size distribution of an aerosolizedaqueous solution of a water soluble dye containing glycerol (5%)produced by a nebulizer having (diamonds), or devoid of (triangles), aliquid absorbing material;

FIG. 8 shows cumulative droplet size distribution of commercialVentolin® (5 mg/ml albuterol) aerosol produced by a nebulizer having aliquid absorbing material;

FIG. 9a schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a bottom actuator at side cross section, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 9b schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a bottom actuator at top cross section, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 9c schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a peripheral actuator at side cross section, according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 9d schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a peripheral actuator at top cross section, according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 9e schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a flexible medication deploying end at side cross section,according to some embodiments;

FIG. 9f schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a flexible medication deploying end at top cross section,according to some embodiments;

FIG. 9g schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism having protruding ends at side cross sections, according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 9h schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism having protruding ends at top cross section, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 9i schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a spacer at side cross sections, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 9j schematically illustrates a nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a spacer at top cross sections, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a liquid deploying structure, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 11 schematically illustrates nebulizer with a rotatable wettingmechanism and a liquid absorbing material, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 12 schematically illustrates a side cross section of a nebulizerassembly including an aerosolizing cartridge comprising a rotatablewetting mechanism, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a nebulizer system assembly with arotatable wetting mechanism, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 14 represents the MMAD (diamond) and GSD (circle) values forvarious aqueous formulations containing a soluble dye tracer;

FIG. 15 represents fine particle fractions (FPF) of the aqueousformulations shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 represents the mass distribution on Next generation impactor(NGI; an analytical instrument that measures droplet size distribution)plates for formulations 2 (circle), 5 (square) and 6 (triangle); and

FIG. 17 represents cumulative size distribution plots of Ventolin™(circle) or insulin (square), produced using a nebulizer having arotatable wetting mechanism, as a function of effective cut-offdiameters (ECD).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, various aspects of the disclosure will bedescribed. For the purpose of explanation, specific configurations anddetails are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding ofthe different aspects of the disclosure. However, it will also beapparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure may be practicedwithout specific details being presented herein. Furthermore, well-knownfeatures may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure thedisclosure.

There is provided, according to some embodiments, a nebulizer comprisinga porous medium that is configured to produce aerosol, a liquidabsorbing material configured to absorb a liquid, a wetting mechanismconfigured to press the liquid absorbing material against the porousmedium or a first surface of the porous medium, thereby to wet theporous medium with the liquid absorbed in the liquid absorbing materialand a gas channel configured to introduce pressure gradient to theporous medium.

The nebulizer disclosed herein may function as an inhaler under somecircumstances. Thus, the terms ‘nebulizer’ and ‘inhaler’ as used hereinmay be interchangeable.

The terms ‘medium’ and ‘material’ as used herein are interchangeable.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates anebulizer 100 comprising a porous medium 104, according to someembodiments. Nebulizer 100 further comprises a sponge 102, a wettingmechanism 106, a gas channel 110 and an outlet 112. Wetting mechanism106 comprises a rod and a solid plate connected to sponge 102.

The terms ‘nozzle’ and ‘outlet’ as used herein are interchangeable.

In some embodiment, the liquid absorbing material is a sponge, a tissue,a foam material, a fabric or any other material capable of fully orpartially retrievably absorbing liquids. Each possibility is a separateembodiment of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material isconfigured to enable small diameter droplets to pass through thestructure thereof and to obstruct large diameter droplets from passingthrough the material thereof.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material isconfigured to filter the passage of droplets depending on theirdiameter, such that large diameter droplets are obstructed by the liquidabsorbing material.

The terms ‘sponge’ and ‘liquid absorbing material’ as used herein referto any material that is capable of incorporating, taking in, drawing inor soaking liquids, and upon applying physical pressure thereto, releasea portion or the entire amount/volume of the absorbed liquid. Thephysical pressure may be achieved for example by pressing the materialagainst a solid structure.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material is havingtwo sides, wherein a first side is facing the wetting mechanism and asecond side is facing the porous medium. According to some embodiments,the wetting mechanism is a movable solid medium facing the first side ofthe liquid absorbing material. According to some embodiments, thewetting mechanism is in close proximity to the first side of the liquidabsorbing material. According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanismis attached to the first side of the liquid absorbing material.

The term ‘attached to’ as used herein includes, but is not limited to,linked, bonded, glued, fastened and the like.

According to some embodiments, the porous medium is having two sides,wherein a first side is facing the liquid absorbing material and asecond side is facing the gas channel. According to some embodiments,the first side of the porous medium is facing the liquid absorbingmaterial and the gas channel. According to some embodiments, the liquidabsorbing material and the porous medium are in close proximity.According to some embodiments, the first side of the liquid absorbingmaterial and the first side of the porous medium are in close proximity.

Without being bound by any theory or mechanism, a pressure gradient atthe porous medium reflects the presence of value difference between thepressure at the first side of the porous material and the pressure atthe second side of the porous material, such that pressure values varyinside the volume of the porous medium. These values range from thepressure value at the first side to the pressure value at the secondside of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the gas channel is a gas delivery channelconfigured to introduce pressure gradient to the porous medium.According to some embodiments, the gas channel is a gas delivery channelconfigured to introduce pressurized gas to the porous medium. Accordingto some embodiments, the gas channel is a gas suction channel configuredto introduce sub-pressurized gas to the porous medium.

The term ‘channel’ as used herein is interchangeable with any one ormore of the terms port, passage, opening, orifice, pipe and the like.

According to some embodiments, a pressurized gas container is configuredto deliver pressurized gas through the gas channel to the porous mediumand create an ultra-atmospheric pressure on one side of the porousmedium, thereby induce a pressure gradient at the porous medium.

The term ‘pressurized gas’ as used herein is interchangeable with theterm ‘compressed gas’ and refers to gas under pressure above atmosphericpressure.

According to some embodiments, a vacuum container or sub-atmosphericpressure container is configured to suck gas through the gas channel andcreate a sub-atmospheric pressure on one side of the porous medium,thereby induce a pressure gradient within the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the gas channel is connected to a gassource. According to some embodiments, the gas source is a mobile gassource, such as, a gas container. According to some embodiments, the gassource is a gas pump, configured to introduce pressure gradient in theporous medium by pumping gas to or from the gas delivery channel.According to some embodiments, the gas source is a pressurized gascontainer, configured to contain pressurized gas and to induce apressure gradient in the porous medium by releasing pressurized gas tothe pressurized-gas delivery channel.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer further comprises anopening configured to deliver the aerosols to a respiratory system of asubject. According to some embodiments, the opening is connected to anozzle. According to some embodiments, the opening is mechanicallyconnected to a nozzle. According to some embodiments, the nozzle isdetachable.

The correlation between droplet size and deposition thereof in therespiratory tract has been established. Droplets around 10 micron indiameter are suitable for deposition in the oropharynx and the nasalarea; droplets around 2-4 micron in diameter are suitable for depositionin the central airways (and may be useful for delivering abronchodilator, such as, salbutamol) and droplets smaller than 1 micronin diameter are suitable for delivery to the alveoli (and may be usefulfor delivering pharmaceuticals to the systemic circulation, for example,insulin).

According to some embodiments, the at least one pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises one or more pharmaceutically active agents.According to some embodiments, the one or more pharmaceutically activeagents are suitable or may be adjusted for inhalation. According to someembodiments, the one or more pharmaceutically active agents are directedfor treatment of a medical condition through inhalation.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparationof a composition comprising one or more pharmaceutically active agents,suitable for administration to a patient via the respiratory system.

According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition furthercomprises at least one pharmaceutical acceptable carrier. In otherembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise one ormore stabilizers.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer provides an aerosolcontaining a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition. As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount”refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition which prevents or ameliorates at least partially, thesymptoms signs of a particular disease, for example infectious ormalignant disease, in a living organism to whom it is administered oversome period of time.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means approved bya regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed inthe U. S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia foruse in animals and, more particularly, in humans.

According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in aliquid form such as solution, emulsion or suspension. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared in anymanner well known in the pharmaceutical art.

Useful pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art,and include, for example, lactose, glucose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol,mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates,tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water and methylcellulose. Otherpharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water, alcohols(e.g., ethanol) and lipid carriers such as oils (including those ofpetroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil,soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like), phospholipids (e.g.lecithin), polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or othersynthetic solvents. Each possibility represents as separate embodimentof the present invention.

Pharmaceutical acceptable diluents include, but are not limited to,sterile water, phosphate saline, buffered saline, aqueous dextrose andglycerol solutions, and the like. Each possibility is a separateembodiment of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the at least one therapeutic agent isselected from the group consisting of a hormone, a steroid,anti-inflammatory agent, antibacterial agent, anti-neoplastic agent,pain relief agent, narcotics, anti-angiogenic agent, siRNA,immuno-therapy related agent, growth-inhibitory agent, apoptotic agent,cytotoxic agent and chemotherapeutic agent. Each possibility is aseparate embodiment of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the at least one pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises albuterol, also known as, salbutamol andVentolin®.

According to some embodiments, the medical condition is a pulmonarydisease. According to some embodiments, the pulmonary disease isbronchospasm, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease amongothers. According to some embodiments, the asthma is allergen asthma orexercise-induced asthma.

According to some embodiments, the medical condition is a lung diseaseaffecting the air ways, the alveoli or the interstitium, such as,asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis,emphysema, acute bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis,fragile connections between alveoli, pulmonary edema, lung cancer in itsmany forms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumoconiosis,interstitial lung disease among others.

According to some embodiments, at least one of the pharmaceuticalcompositions comprises a therapeutically effective amount of medicationfor treating one or more of the medical conditions stated hereinbefore.

In some embodiments the medical condition is a metabolic disease, suchas, diabetes mellitus (diabetes) Type 1, Type 2 and gestationaldiabetes, and the at least one pharmaceutical composition comprises atherapeutically effective amount of inhalable insulin.

According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism is a mechanicmechanism configured to apply pressure onto the liquid absorbing medium.According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism is a pneumaticmechanism configured to apply pressure onto the liquid absorbing medium.In some embodiment the wetting mechanism is coupled with an actuator.According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism comprises ametering pump adapted to delivering a pre-determined volume of liquid atdesired pressure(s) directly to the surface of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer is mobile. According tosome embodiments, the nebulizer is handheld. According to someembodiments, the nebulizer is powered by a mobile power source.

There is provided, according to some embodiments, a nebulizer housingconfigured to host at least one cartridge having a liquid absorbingmaterial. The housing may further include any one or more of a porousmedium, an opening, a nozzle connected to the opening, one or morecontainer containing liquids, pharmaceutically active agents andcomposition comprising same, and a combination thereof.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer housing is mobile.According to some embodiments, the housing is handheld. According tosome embodiments, the nebulizer is powered by a mobile power source.According to some embodiments, the cartridge is disposable. According tosome embodiments, the cartridge is recyclable. According to someembodiments, the liquid absorbing material is disposable. According tosome embodiments, the cartridge is reusable.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer is configured tocommunicate wirelessly with servers, databases, personal devices(computers, mobile phones) among others.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer is assembled by introducinga cartridge into the housing.

There is provided, according to some embodiments, a nebulizer systemcomprising a housing, an opening in the housing configured to deliver anaerosols to a subject, a receptacle configured to receive a cartridge(the cartridge comprises a liquid absorbing material, and a porousmedium, having at least one porous surface, configured to produceaerosols and a wetting mechanism configured to press the liquidabsorbing material against the porous medium or against a surface of theporous medium), an actuator configured to control the wetting mechanismand a gas channel, to introduce a pressure gradient to the porousmedium.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a nebulizer systemcomprising a receptacle configured to receive a cartridge. Incombination, the nebulizer housing and the cartridge comprise thefollowing elements: a liquid absorbing material, a porous medium havinga porous surface, a wetting mechanism and at least one liquid ormedication container.

The elements above may be comprised within the housing or the cartridgein various combinations; some examples of these combinations are givenbelow for exemplary purposes, without limiting the disclosure from otherpossible combinations.

According to some embodiments, the housing comprises a receptacle, aporous medium, a liquid or medication container and a wetting mechanism,while the cartridge comprises a liquid absorbing material.

According to some embodiments, the housing comprises a receptacle, aporous medium and a liquid or medication container, while the cartridgecomprises a liquid absorbing material and a wetting mechanism.

According to some embodiments, the housing comprises a receptacle and aliquid or medication container, while the cartridge comprises a porousmedium, a liquid absorbing material and a wetting mechanism.

According to some embodiments, the housing comprises a receptacle and aporous medium, while the cartridge comprises a liquid or medicationcontainer, a liquid absorbing material and a wetting mechanism.

According to some embodiments, the housing comprises a receptacle whilethe cartridge comprises a liquid or medication container, a liquidabsorbing material a porous medium, and a wetting mechanism.

According to some embodiments, the housing comprises at least tworeceptacles, a first receptacle configured to receiving a cartridgecomprising a liquid absorbing material, and a second receptacleconfigured to receive a liquid or medication container.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material ispresoaked with medication. According to some embodiments, the presoakedliquid absorbing material is hermetically or semi hermetically sealed.According to some embodiments, the seal is configured to be disrupted orotherwise removed upon usage. According to some embodiments, the seal isconfigured to be automatically disrupted or otherwise removed, forexample, by an actuator in the nebulizer system. According to someembodiments, the seal is configured to be manually removed or disruptedby a user prior to use thereof.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer system further comprisescontrol mechanism configured to control the release of the liquid fromthe container containing same, into the liquid absorbing material.According to some embodiments, the control mechanism is configured tocontrol the release of the liquid in a slow and/or gradual releasemanner According to some embodiments, the nebulizer system furthercomprises deployment mechanism configured to deploy the medication orliquid from the container containing same and into the liquid absorbingmaterial.

According to some embodiments, the nebulizer system or cartridgecomprises a medication preparation mechanism for mixing the medicationwith a liquid to enable reconstitution of the medication, or dilutionthereof, prior to aerosolization of the composition.

According to some embodiments, some mechanisms of the nebulizer systemare configured to provide homogeneous or semi homogeneous wetting of theporous medium. According to some embodiments, the mechanisms are otherthan the liquid absorbing material and the wetting mechanism. Examplesfor such mechanisms include, but are not limited to, spray mechanism,wiping mechanisms and the like.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates anebulizer 200 comprising a porous medium 204 and a sponge 202, accordingto some embodiments. Nebulizer 200 further comprises a liquid container214 and a medication container 216. Liquid container 214 and medicationcontainer 216 are configured to enable deployment of their possiblycontained contents to sponge 202 to be pressed against porous medium204.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3 which schematically illustrates anebulizer 300 comprising a porous medium 304 and a sponge 302, accordingto some embodiments. As illustrated, a liquid container 314 and amedication container 316 have had their content deployed to sponge 302,and sponge 302 is pressed against porous medium 304 by a wettingmechanism 306. A pressurized gas 318 is delivered to porous medium 304via a gas channel 310.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4 which schematically illustratesgeneration of aerosol within a nebulizer, according to some embodiments.A nebulizer 400 is introduced comprising a porous medium 404, a sponge402 and a nozzle 412, according to some embodiments. Sponge 402 isreleased from its previous press and wetting position (press and wettingof porous medium 404). A pressurized gas 418 delivered to porous medium404 via a gas channel 410 introduces a pressure gradient to porousmedium 404. The pressure gradient results in the production of anaerosol having large droplets 422 and small droplets 420. Large droplets422 are impacted by sponge 402 which obstructs their path towards nozzle412.

Small droplets 420, are lighter than large droplets 422, and are mostlydrifted away from impacting sponge 402, thus they are not obstructed andmay flow towards nozzle 412. Large droplets 422 are impacted andobstructed by sponge 402, advantageously resulting in a delivery ofaerosol characterized with small diameter/size droplets.

The terms ‘droplet size’ and ‘mass median aerodynamic diameter’, alsoknown as MMAD, as used herein are interchangeable. MMAD is commonlyconsidered as the median particle diameter by mass.

According to some embodiments, control over droplet size and modality ofgenerated aerosol is achieved by controlling physical properties of theporous medium. According to some embodiments, the physical properties ofthe porous medium are adjusted based on the desired droplet size. Thephysical properties of the porous medium, may include, but are notlimited to, physical dimensions of the porous medium as a whole, porecount, pore density, pore distribution, pore shape, homogeneity of theaforementioned pore features, hydrophobicity of the porous material, andelectromagnetic affinity among other properties. Each possibility is aseparate embodiment of the invention.

The term “modality” as used herein refers to the modality of sizedistributions and includes, but is not limited to, uni-modal, bi-modaland tri-modal size distributions.

According to some embodiments, control over droplet size and modality ofgenerated aerosol is achieved by controlling the physical properties ofthe liquid absorbing material.

According to some embodiments, control over droplet size and modality ofgenerated aerosol is achieved by controlling the pressure gradient onthe porous medium.

According to some embodiments, control over droplet size and modality ofgenerated aerosol is achieved by controlling the properties of themedication and/or liquid and/or composition. The properties of themedication and/or liquid and/or composition which may be adjusted toachieve the desired aerosol, include, but are not limited to, viscosity,surface tension, pH, electrolyte concentration, solid content andpolarity

According to some embodiments, control over droplet size and modality ofgenerated aerosol is achieved by introducing an impactor. According tosome embodiments, the liquid absorbing material is configured to act asan impactor. According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbingmaterial is the impactor. According to some embodiments, control overdroplet size of generated aerosol is achieved by introducing a filter.According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material isconfigured to act as a filter. According to some embodiments, the liquidabsorbing material is the filter. According to some embodiments, theimpactor is an independent structure, different from the liquidabsorbing material. According to some embodiments, the filter is anindependent structure, different from the liquid absorbing material.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5 which schematically illustrates anebulizer system 500, according to some embodiments. Nebulizer system500 comprises a gas pump 528 an actuator 530 a first deploymentcontroller 524, a second deployment controller 526, a wetting mechanism506, a sponge 502, a porous medium 504, a gas channel 510, a liquidcontainer 514, a medication container 516 and a nozzle 512.

According to some embodiments, pump 528 is configured to delivercompressed gas to porous medium 504 via gas channel 510. Actuator 530 isconfigured to control the movement and function of wetting mechanism 506for pressing sponge 502 against porous medium 504. First deploymentcontroller 524 is configured to control the deployment of containedliquid in liquid container 514 to sponge 502, and second deploymentcontroller 526 is configured to control the deployment of medication inmedication container 516 to sponge 502.

According to some embodiments, the actuator is configured to control thepressure applied onto the liquid absorbing material. According to someembodiments, the actuator is configured to control the movement of thewetting mechanism. According to some embodiments, the actuator operatesthrough mechanic, electro mechanic, electromagnetic, electro thermal,hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic mechanism. Each possibility is aseparate embodiment of the invention.

There is provided, according to some embodiments, a method for producingaerosol comprising the steps of providing a liquid absorbing material, aporous medium having two sides in which the first side is facing theliquid absorbing material and further providing liquid, wetting theliquid absorbing material with the liquid, pressing liquid absorbingmaterial against the porous medium, introducing pressure gradient to theporous medium and producing aerosol at the first side of the porousmedium, the produced aerosol comprises droplets of the liquid.

According to some embodiments, the liquid is provided in a container.According to some embodiments, the method further comprises controllingthe release of the liquid from the container into the liquid absorbingmaterial. According to some embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the liquid in a slow and/or gradual release manner. Accordingto some embodiments, the method further comprises deploying themedication or liquid from the container and into the liquid absorbingmaterial.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises providing afirst container with a liquid and a second container with medication,and mixing the medication with the liquid to enable reconstitution ofthe medication, or dilution thereof, prior to aerosolization.

The term ‘wetting’ as used herein refers to homogenous or pseudohomogenous wetting of one side of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises wetting theporous medium homogenously.

According to some embodiments, the method further comprises providing apharmaceutical composition and mixing the pharmaceutical compositionwith the liquid, prior to wetting the liquid absorbing agent.

According to some embodiments, the liquid absorbing material alreadyincludes a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical compositionwithin the liquid absorbing material may be in a solid form, e.g. apowder, or otherwise concentrated, such that upon wetting the liquidabsorbing material, the pharmaceutical composition is reconstituted, orotherwise diluted, thereby resulting with the required pharmaceuticallyacceptable form suitable for inhalation following the conversion thereofinto aerosols.

According to some embodiments, the liquid mixed with the pharmaceuticalcomposition is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

According to some embodiments, the pressing of the liquid absorbingmaterial upon the porous medium is iterated a plurality of times.According to some embodiments, the pressing is executed while applying anon-constant pressing force/pressure across iterations. According tosome embodiments, after deploying a content of liquid or medicationcontainer into the liquid absorbing material, a first pressing of theliquid absorbing material against the porous medium is carried oututilizing a first pressing force (pressure), a second pressing of theliquid absorbing material against the porous medium is executedutilizing a second pressing force, and so on. According to someembodiments, the first pressing force is lower than the second pressingforce, advantageously resulting in a more unified wetting of the poroussurface of the porous medium.

In some embodiments, a deployment of medication into the liquidabsorbing material is performed, then the liquid absorbing material ispressed against the porous medium, wetting the porous surface of theporous medium for generating aerosol, and then a deployment of a liquidinto the liquid absorbing material is performed. According to someembodiments, the liquid is sterile. According to some embodiments, theliquid is saline, water, carrier, cleansing liquid and the like, thedeployment of which is performed for diluting the medication content inthe liquid absorbing material. In some embodiment, the deployment of theliquid is performed for cleansing the liquid absorbing material andreleasing the medication residues that may accumulate in the liquidabsorbing material to achieve better delivery of medication to thesubject, or for cleansing the liquid absorbing material, the porousmedium or both.

According to some embodiments, by cleansing the liquid absorbingmaterial, the porous medium or both, the components may be reused.Advantageously, the cleansing may prevent accumulation of medicationresidue in the nebulizer or some components thereof.

According to some embodiments, the droplets of the aerosol produced bythe method and nebulizers disclosed herein are having an MMAD within therange of 0.3 to 7 microns. According to some embodiments, the MMAD iswithin the range of 2 to 10 microns. According to some embodiments, theMMAD is less than 5 microns.

According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism includes arotatable/displaceable elongated member, configured to be movably placedon the surface of the porous medium, or in close proximity thereto, orplaced on the liquid absorbing material. According to some embodiments,the wetting mechanism includes a rotatable/displaceable elongated member(e.g. a spinning magnet) configured to be placed on the liquid absorbingmaterial, such that liquid is extracted from the liquid absorbingmaterial by the wetting mechanism. According to some embodiments, therotatable elongated member is configured to move across the surface ofthe porous medium, thereby to homogeneously or semi-homogeneously spreadthe liquid on the surface of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member is axially movable.According to some embodiments, the elongated member is movable to coverthe entire surface of the porous medium or substantial portions thereof.According to some embodiments, the wetting mechanism further includes anactuator, configured to displace/move or induce thedisplacement/movement of the elongated member.

The term “substantial portions” as used herein commonly refers to atleast 30% coverage of the surface of the porous medium. According tosome embodiments, the substantial portions include at least 50% coverageof the surface of the porous medium, at least 60% coverage of thesurface of the porous medium, at least 70% coverage of the surface ofthe porous medium, at least 80% coverage of the surface of the porousmedium or at least 90% coverage of the surface of the porous medium.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member may include amagnet, and the actuator may also include a magnet, magneticallyassociated with the magnet of the elongated member, such that bymoving/displacing the magnet/electromagnet of the actuator, amoving/displacing of the elongated member may be induced.

According to some embodiments, one or more of the magnets includes anelectromagnet. According to some embodiments, the actuator may include amotor configured to move/displace the actuating magnet.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member may be coated by ahydrophobic coating. According to some embodiments, the elongated membermay be at least partially coated by a hydrophobic coating. According tosome embodiments, the coating may be smooth, non-corrosive, non-toxic,non-evaporative or a combination thereof. According to some embodiments,the coating may include polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g. Teflon®).

The term “at least partially” as used herein may include at least 50%coating of the elongated member, at least 60% coating of the elongatedmember, at least 70% coating of the elongated member, at least 80%coating of the elongated member or at least 90% coating of the elongatedmember.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member is an elongatedtubular member. According to some embodiments, the elongated member maybe movable by an actuator, mechanically connected thereto. According tosome embodiments, the elongated member may be movable by an air-flowwithin the nebulizer and/or through the porous material.

According to some embodiments, the elongated member may be a roller.According to some embodiments, the elongated member may be a smearingdevice. According to some embodiments, the elongated member may be aspreading device. According to some embodiments, the elongated membermay be configured to force at least portions of the liquid to at leastsome of the pores of the porous medium.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9a , which schematically illustrates aside cross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, according to some embodiments. According to some embodiments,the wetting mechanism of nebulizer 900 includes a rotatable elongatedmember, such as movable magnet 940, which is placed on, or in closeproximity to a surface of a porous medium, such as porous disc 904,within a nebulizer housing, such as housing 902. Movable magnet 940 isconfigured to rotate on porous disc 904, thereby homogeneously orsemi-homogeneously spread a liquid on porous disc 904 and/or at leastpartially force a liquid within the pores of porous disc 904. Accordingto some embodiments, nebulizer 900 further includes a liquid deployingmechanism, such as medication conduit 946, configured to provide liquidsand/or medication(s) to movable magnet 940 and/or porous disc 904.According to some embodiments, nebulizer 900 further includes anactuator configured to directly or indirectly move or induce thedisplacement of movable magnet 940. According to some embodiments, theactuator includes a motor 944, mechanically or electromechanicallyconnected to an actuator-magnet, such as motor-magnet 942 beingassociated with movable magnet 940, such that a displacement ofmotor-magnet 942 induces a displacement of movable magnet 940. Motor 944is configured to axially rotate motor-magnet 942, thereby induce anaxial rotation of movable magnet 940 over/on the surface of porousmedium 904.

In operation, according to some embodiments, pressurized gas/air isprovided to housing 902, for example through pressurized-gas conduit910, and introduced to one side of porous disc 904 which interrupts theflow of gasses therethrough, thereby a pressure gradient occurs acrossporous disc 904. Liquids may be provided through medication conduit 946and introduced to the surface of porous disc 904, and then movablemagnet 940 spreads the liquid homogeneously or semi-homogeneously on thesurface and at least partially forced through the pores of porous disc904 by the axial rotation thereof, induced by the rotation of motormagnet 942 and motor 944. According to some embodiments, the pressuregradient on porous disc 904 generates a mist of multiple droplets as thegas passes through the pores, the mist is then delivered through anoutlet, such as mouthpiece 912.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9b , which schematically illustrates a topcross section view of a nebulizer 901 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, according to some embodiments. The rotatable wettingmechanism includes a displaceable/movable elongated member, such as amovable magnet 940, which is placed on, or in close proximity to asurface of a porous medium, such as a porous disc 904 held within anebulizer housing 902. Movable magnet 940 is configured to be rotatable(arrows 950) and to spread/smear/distribute liquids on the surface ofporous disc 904, the liquids may be provided onto the surface of porousdisc 904, and According to some embodiments, the liquids may be providedto rotatable magnet 940.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9c , which schematically illustrates aside cross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wetting mechanismand a peripheral actuator, according to some embodiments. According tosome embodiments, the wetting mechanism of nebulizer 900 includes arotatable elongated member, such as movable magnet 940, which is placedon, or in close proximity to a surface of a porous medium, such asporous disc 904, within a nebulizer housing, such as housing 902.Movable magnet 940 is configured to rotate on porous disc 904, therebyhomogeneously or semi-homogeneously spread a liquid on porous disc 904and/or at least partially force a liquid into the pores of porous disc904. According to some embodiments, nebulizer 900 further includes aliquid deploying mechanism, such as medication conduit 946, configuredto provide liquids and/or medication(s) to movable magnet 940 and/orporous disc 904. According to some embodiments, nebulizer 900 furtherincludes a peripheral actuator configured to directly or indirectly moveor induce the displacement of movable magnet 940. According to someembodiments, the peripheral actuator included is configured to be placedover, or to surround, movable magnet 940 and to fluctuate the magneticfield flux near movable magnet 940, thereby induce a mechanical movementthereof (rotation). According to some embodiments, the peripheralactuator may be a ring actuator such as controllable electromagnet-ring960 which may include a plurality of controllable electro-magnets (notshown) which are electrically controlled for inducing a gradient in theelectromagnetic field flux in the environment of movable magnet 940,thereby induce an axial rotation of movable magnet 940 over/on thesurface of porous medium 904.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9d , which schematically illustrates a topcross section view of a nebulizer 901 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, according to some embodiments. The rotatable wettingmechanism includes a displaceable/movable elongated member, such as amovable magnet 940, which is placed on, or in close proximity to asurface of a porous medium, such as a porous disc 904 held within anebulizer housing 902. According to some embodiments, nebulizer 901 mayalso include a peripheral actuator configured to induce a change in themagnetic field flux in the environment of movable magnet 940 therebyinduce a rotatable movement thereof 950. According to some embodiments,peripheral actuator may be a ring actuator such as controllableelectromagnet-ring 960. According to some embodiments, movable magnet940 is configured to be rotatable (arrows 950) and tospread/smear/distribute liquids on the surface of porous disc 904, theliquids may be provided onto the surface of porous disc 904, andAccording to some embodiments, the liquids may be provided to rotatablemagnet 940.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9e , which schematically illustrates aside cross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, according to some embodiments. According to some embodiments,nebulizer 900 is essentially similar to the nebulizer of FIG. 9a , andfurther includes a flexible medication deploying end, such asflexible-conduit 948 which is connected to medication conduit 946 and isconfigured to provide/deploy medication on porous disc 904 According tosome embodiments, flexible-conduit 948 is configured to reach near thesurface of porous disc 904, and to be flexibly movable by the rotationof movable magnet 940 for deploying medication at close proximity to thesurface of porous disc 904 without obstructing therotation/axial-movement thereof.

According to some embodiments, deploying medication near the surface ofporous disc 904 via a flexible member, such as flexible-conduit 948, mayprovide a homogeneous spreading of medication on the surface of porousdisc 904.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9f , which schematically illustrates a topcross section view of a nebulizer 901 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, according to some embodiments. The rotatable wettingmechanism includes a displaceable/movable elongated member, such as amovable magnet 940, which is placed on, or in close proximity to asurface of a porous medium, such as a porous disc 904 held within anebulizer housing 902. Movable magnet 940 is configured to be rotatable(arrows 950) and to spread/smear/distribute liquids on the surface ofporous disc 904, the liquids may be provided onto the surface of porousdisc 904, and According to some embodiments, the liquids may be providedto rotatable by a flexible medication deploying member, such asflexible-conduit 948 shown at a first location, and is flexibly movable(arrow 951) to a second location 949 by the rotation of movable magnet940.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9g , which schematically illustrates aside cross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, essentially as described in FIG. 9a , according to someembodiments. According to some embodiments, nebulizer 900 furtherincludes two spacers mounter/fastened on movable magnet 940, such as afirst Teflon™ ball 962 and second Teflon™ ball 964, each beingmechanically connected to one end of movable magnet 940 for elevating itfrom the surface of porous disc 904 and thereby improve the homogeneousspreading of the liquid and lead to production of controllable aerosoldroplet size.

According to some embodiments, the two spacers may be integrally formedwith the movable magnet. According to some embodiments, the two spacersare protrusions at the two ends of the movable magnet.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9h , which schematically illustrates a topcross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wetting mechanism,essentially as described in FIG. 9b , according to some embodiments.Depicted in FIG. 9h are first Teflon™ ball 962 and second Teflon™ ball964, each being mechanically connected to one end of movable magnet 940to prevent direct contact thereof with the surface of porous disc 904.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9i , which schematically illustrates aside cross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, essentially as described in FIG. 9a , according to someembodiments. According to some embodiments, nebulizer 900 furtherincludes a spacer placed/mounted/integrated on the surface of porousdisc 904, such as a Teflon-ring 970 which is configured to elevatemovable magnet 940 above the surface of porous medium 904 for providingspacing and preventing a direct contact therebetween. According to someembodiments, movable magnet 940 is tightened to Teflon-ring 970, and ispulled towards porous disc by the magnetic field applied by motor magnet942. According to some embodiments, Teflon-ring 970 is configured tofacilitate low-friction movement of movable magnet 940 thereon.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9j , which schematically illustrates a topcross section of a nebulizer 900 with a rotatable wetting mechanism,essentially as described in FIG. 9b , according to some embodiments.Depicted in FIG. 9j is Teflon-ring 970 placed on the surface of porousdisc 904, to prevent direct contact thereof with the movable magnet 940.

According to some embodiments, the spacing/distance/elevation betweenthe surface of the porous medium and the movable magnet is approximately100 micron (0.1 μm). According to some embodiments, thespacing/distance/elevation between the surface of the porous medium andthe movable magnet is in the range of 50 micron (0.05 μm) to 150 micron(0.15 μm). According to some embodiments, the spacing/distance/elevationbetween the surface of the porous medium and the movable magnet is inthe range of 20 micron (0.02 μm) to 200 micron (0.2 μm).

According to some embodiments, the term “approximately” may refer to thedistance between the surface of the porous medium and the movablemagnet, an thus may refer to values within the range of 20% or less fromthe value indicated. For example, a spacing/distance/elevation ofapproximately 100 micron (0.1 μm) includes values within the range of80-100 micron.

Without being bound by any theory or mechanism of action, the distancebetween the surface of the porous medium and the movable magnet seems toresult with advantageous droplet size distribution, possible due to animproved wetting mechanism.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which schematically illustratesnebulizer 1000 with a rotatable wetting mechanism and a liquid deployingstructure 1046, according to some embodiments. Liquid deployingmechanism, such as liquid conduit 1046 is configured to deploy/provideliquids to the surface of a porous medium 1004 and a rotatable magnet1040 is placed on the surface of porous medium 1004 and is configured tobe movable thereon and to homogeneously or semi-homogeneously spread theliquids provided by liquid conduit 1046 on the surface of porous medium1004. The wetting mechanism further comprises an actuator having,according to some embodiments, a control-magnet 1042magnetically/mechanically associated with rotatable magnet 1040 androtated by a motor 1044.

When a pressure gradient is applied on porous medium 1004, amist/aerosol of multiple droplets is released from thewetted/damped/moistened surface of porous medium 1004.

According to some embodiments, motor 1044 may comprise a brushed orbrushless DC motor, for example a steppe moto or the like. According tosome embodiments, motor 1044 may comprise an AC motor, such as aninduction motor or the like.

Reference is now made to FIG. 11, which schematically illustrates anebulizer 1100 with a rotatable wetting mechanism and a liquid absorbingmaterial, such as sponge 1102, according to some embodiments. Liquidabsorbing material is placed on a surface of a porous medium 1104 andconfigured to reversibly contain/absorb liquids, and release the liquidswith changed physical conditions such as pressing. A movable elongatedspreader/presser, such as rotating rod 1140, is placed on sponge 1102and is configured to press at least some portions thereof against thesurface of porous medium 1104, thereby force the release of absorbedliquids from sponge 1102. The moving of rotating rod 1140 isinduced/caused by the rotating displacement of an actuator that ismechanically and/or magnetically associated with rotating rod 1140.According to some embodiments, rotating rod 1140 may bemovable/rotatable by inducing magnetic field changes in the environmentthereof, and the actuator includes a magnetic-field inducer 1142rotatable by a motor 1144 and configured to induce therotation/displacement of rotating rod 1140 on sponge 1102 therebypressing against various areas thereon and controllably releasing liquidto the surface of porous medium 1104.

When a pressure gradient is applied on porous medium 1104, amist/aerosol of multiple droplets is released from thewetted/damped/moistened surface of porous medium 1104.

Reference is now made to FIG. 12, which schematically illustrates a sidecross section of a nebulizer assembly 1300 with a rotatable wettingmechanism, according to some embodiments. Nebulizer 1300 includes ahousing 1302 with an inlet orifice 1310, an outlet orifice 1312, aliquid conduit 1346 and a pressure-sensor conduit 1348. Nebulizer 1300further includes a rotatable spreading mechanism, such as spreadingelongated magnet 1340 placed on a surface of a porous disc 1304 forspreading liquids thereon, an actuator within housing 1302 is associatedwith spreading elongated magnet 1340, the actuator includes a motor 1344mechanically connected to a motor-magnet 1342 and is configured torotate spreading elongated magnet 1340 for spreading liquids on thesurface and/or through the pores of porous disc 1304. According to someembodiments, liquid conduit 1346 is configured to provide liquids to acentral section of spreading elongated magnet 1340.

Reference is now made to FIG. 13, which schematically illustrates anebulizer system assembly 1700 with a rotatable wetting mechanism,according to some embodiments. Nebulizer system assembly 1700 includesvarious functional, control and/or indicatory components. For exemplarypurposes, system assembly 1700 includes a nebulizer, a gas pump forproviding pressurized gas to the nebulizer, a pressure sensor, controlgauges and buttons and others.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It willbe further understood that the terms “comprises” or “comprising,” whenused in this specification, specify the presence of stated features,integers, steps, operations, elements, or components, but do notpreclude or rule out the presence or addition of one or more otherfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or groupsthereof.

While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussedabove, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications,additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended thatthe following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced beinterpreted to include all such modifications, additions andsub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

EXAMPLES Example 1—Measurements of Water Aerosol Droplet Diameter

The cumulative droplet size distribution of an aerosolized aqueoussolution of a water soluble dye produced using a nebulizer according tosome embodiments, in the absence or presence of a sponge was tested. Theresults, presented in FIG. 6 (square—with a sponge; triangle—without asponge) indicate that in the presence of a liquid absorbing materialabout 100% of the droplets have diameters of less than 5 microns,wherein 80% of the droplets have diameter of less than 1 micron.However, in the absence of a liquid absorbing material, only about 70%of the droplets have a diameter of less than 5 microns.

Example 2—Measurements of Viscous Water Aerosol Droplet Diameter

The cumulative droplet size distribution of an aerosolized aqueoussolution of a water soluble dye containing glycerol (5%) produced usinga nebulizer according to some embodiments, in the absence or presence ofa sponge was tested. The results, presented in FIG. 7 (square—with asponge; triangle—without a sponge) indicate that in the presence of aliquid absorbing material about 95% of the droplets have a diameter ofless than 5 microns, wherein 85% of the droplets have a diameter of lessthan about 2 micron. However, in the absence of a liquid absorbingmaterial, only about than 60% of the droplets have a diameter of lessthan 5 microns.

Example 3—Measurements of Aerosol Droplet Diameter of a PharmaceuticalComposition

The cumulative droplet size distribution of commercial Ventolin® (5mg/ml albuterol) aerosol produced using a nebulizer according to someembodiments, in the presence of a sponge was tested. The results,presented in FIG. 8 indicate that about 90% of the droplets have adiameter of less than 9 microns, wherein 80% of the droplets have adiameter less than 5 microns.

Example 4—Measurements of Aerosol Droplet Diameter Produced by aNebulizer Having a Wetting Mechanism and a Liquid Absorbing Material

The cumulative droplet size distributions for different aqueousformulations of a water soluble dye (Formulations 1-7), Ventolin™ andinsulin was measured (FIG. 14)—Droplet size distributions were obtainedusing a cooled next generation impactor (NGI) operated at a flow rate of15 liters/min. The results indicate that the values of mass medianaerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and Geometric Standard Diameter (GSD) varywithin the range of about 0.4-7 μm and about 2-5 (two to five) μm,respectively.

The fine (below 5 μm) and extra fine (below 3 μm) particle fractionsobtained for the different formulations are presented in FIG. 15.

Example 5—Analysis of Aerosol Droplet Diameter

Distribution of mass on Next generation impactor (NGI) plates forvarious aqueous formulations (2, 5 and 6) containing a soluble dyetracer having different physiochemical properties is presented in FIG.16. Formulations 2, 5 and 6 were selected for the following reasons:formulation 2 provides very small droplets suitable for systemicdelivery, formulation 6 gives droplets at a size suitable for deliveryto the central airways, and formulation 5 gives large droplets suitablefor nasal delivery. The results highlight the advantage of thenebulizers disclosed herein: the aerosols obtained using the nebulizersmay be used for targeting pharmaceutical compositions to various areasof the respiratory system.

An additional important aspect presented in FIG. 16 is the modality ofthe size distribution. By designing the formulation with proper liquidspreading, the modality may be controlled. For example, using anappropriate formulation, the modality may be changed from uni-modal tobi-modal and even tri-modal.

Example 6—Analysis of Aerosol Droplet Delivery

Cumulative size distribution plots, for formulations of Ventolin™ andinsulin, was measured using NGI (FIG. 17). As shown in the figure, theMMAD obtained for Ventolin™ is around 2.5 microns, which is conducivefor the delivery of bronchodilators to the central airways. On the otherhand, the MMAD for insulin is lower than 1 micron, which is conducivefor delivery into the deep lung and hence for systemic uptake.

What is claimed is:
 1. A nebulizer comprising: a porous mediumconfigured to produce aerosols, the porous medium having a first sideand a second side, a liquid absorbing material configured to absorb aliquid, the liquid absorbing material having a first side and a secondside, a wetting mechanism configured to press the liquid absorbingmaterial against the porous medium, thereby to wet the porous mediumwith the liquid absorbed in the liquid absorbing material, an openingconfigured to deliver aerosols to a subject, and a gas channelconfigured to introduce a gas pressure gradient, such that the firstside of the porous medium and the second side of the porous medium havedifferent gas pressure levels, thereby producing the aerosol, whereinthe wetting mechanism is attached to the first side of the liquidabsorbing material, wherein the first side of the porous medium isfacing the liquid absorbing material and the opening, and the secondside of the porous medium is facing the gas channel.
 2. The nebulizer ofclaim 1, wherein the liquid absorbing material is selected from asponge, a tissue and foam.
 3. The nebulizer of claim 1, wherein theliquid absorbing material is configured to act as an impactor foraerosols produced by the porous medium.
 4. The nebulizer of claim 1,wherein the liquid absorbing material comprises at least onepharmaceutical composition.
 5. The nebulizer of claim 1, furthercomprising a first container, configured to contain liquid to bedelivered to the liquid absorbing material.
 6. The nebulizer of claim 5,wherein the liquid comprises water.
 7. The nebulizer of claim 1, whereinthe wetting mechanism comprises a rod and a solid plate connected to theliquid absorbing material.
 8. The nebulizer of claim 1, whereinintroducing the gas pressure gradient comprises introducing pressurizedair to the second side of the porous medium.
 9. The nebulizer of claim1, wherein introducing the gas pressure gradient comprises introducingvacuum or sub-atmospheric pressure to the first side of the porousmedium.
 10. The nebulizer of claim 8, wherein the gas channel isconnected to a gas source.
 11. A nebulizer cartridge, comprising: aporous medium, and a liquid absorbing material, configured to be pressedagainst the porous medium thereby to wet the porous medium with theliquid absorbed in the liquid absorbing material, wherein the liquidabsorbing material comprises a liquid absorbed therein, wherein thewetting mechanism comprises a rod and a solid plate connected to theliquid absorbing material.
 12. The nebulizer cartridge of claim 11,wherein the liquid absorbing material comprises a sponge.
 13. Thenebulizer cartridge of claim 11, wherein the liquid is a pharmaceuticalcomposition.
 14. The nebulizer cartridge of claim 11, further comprisinga container configured to contain liquid to be delivered to the liquidabsorbing material.
 15. The nebulizer cartridge of claim 11, configuredto be inserted to a nebulizer main body.
 16. A nebulizer systemcomprising a housing; an opening in the housing configured to deliveraerosols to a subject; a cartridge comprising a porous medium having afirst side and a second side, and a liquid absorbing material,configured to be pressed against the porous medium thereby to wet theporous medium with the liquid absorbed in the liquid absorbing material;a receptacle configured to receive the cartridge; and a gas channelconfigured to introduce gas pressure gradient, such that the first sideof the porous medium and the second side of the porous medium havedifferent gas pressure levels, thereby producing the aerosol, whereinthe first side of the porous medium is configured to face the liquidabsorbing material and the opening, and the second side of the porousmedium is configured to face the gas channel when the cartridge isreceived within the receptacle.
 17. The nebulizer system of claim 16,wherein the liquid absorbing material comprises a sponge, a tissue orfoam.
 18. The nebulizer of claim 16, wherein the liquid absorbingmaterial comprises at least one pharmaceutical composition at leastpartially absorbed therein.
 19. The nebulizer of claim 16, furthercomprising a first container, configured to contain liquids to bedelivered to the liquid absorbing material.
 20. The nebulizer system ofclaim 16, wherein introducing the gas pressure gradient is selected fromintroducing pressurized air to the second side of the porous medium andintroducing vacuum or sub-atmospheric pressure to the first side of theporous medium.